vitest-testing

Vitest 测试

使用 Vitest 测试 JavaScript/TypeScript 项目的专业知识——Vitest 是由 Vite 驱动的极速测试框架。

快速入门

安装

# Using Bun (recommended)
bun add -d vitest

# Using npm
npm install -D vitest

配置

// vitest.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config'

export default defineConfig({
  test: {
    globals: true,
    environment: 'node', // or 'jsdom'
    coverage: {
      provider: 'v8',
      reporter: ['text', 'json', 'html'],
      thresholds: { lines: 80, functions: 80, branches: 80 },
    },
    include: ['**/*.{test,spec}.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}'],
  },
})

运行测试

# Run all tests (prefer bun)
bun test

# Watch mode (default)
bun test --watch

# Run once (CI mode)
bun test --run

# With coverage
bun test --coverage

# Specific file
bun test src/utils/math.test.ts

# Pattern matching
bun test --grep="calculates sum"

# UI mode (interactive)
bun test --ui

# Verbose output (in Vitest 2+, --reporter=verbose prints a flat list;
# use --reporter=tree for the hierarchical tree view)
bun test --reporter=verbose

编写测试

基本结构

import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest'
import { add, subtract } from './math'

describe('Math utilities', () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    // Setup before each test
  })

  it('adds two numbers correctly', () => {
    expect(add(2, 3)).toBe(5)
  })

  it('subtracts two numbers correctly', () => {
    expect(subtract(5, 3)).toBe(2)
  })
})

参数化测试

describe.each([
  { input: 2, expected: 4 },
  { input: 3, expected: 9 },
])('square function', ({ input, expected }) => {
  it(`squares ${input} to ${expected}`, () => {
    expect(square(input)).toBe(expected)
  })
})

断言

// Equality
expect(value).toBe(expected)
expect(value).toEqual(expected)

// Truthiness
expect(value).toBeTruthy()
expect(value).toBeNull()
expect(value).toBeDefined()

// Numbers
expect(number).toBeGreaterThan(3)
expect(number).toBeCloseTo(0.3, 1)

// Strings/Arrays
expect(string).toMatch(/pattern/)
expect(array).toContain(item)

// Objects
expect(object).toHaveProperty('key')
expect(object).toMatchObject({ a: 1 })

// Exceptions
expect(() => throwError()).toThrow('message')

// Promises
await expect(promise).resolves.toBe(value)
await expect(promise).rejects.toThrow()

模拟

函数模拟

import { vi } from 'vitest'

const mockFn = vi.fn()
mockFn.mockReturnValue(42)
mockFn.mockResolvedValue('async result')
mockFn.mockImplementation((x) => x * 2)

expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalled()
expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalledWith('arg')

模块模拟

vi.mock('./api', () => ({
  fetchUser: vi.fn(() => ({ id: 1, name: 'Test User' })),
}))

import { fetchUser } from './api'

beforeEach(() => {
  vi.clearAllMocks()
})

计时器

beforeEach(() => vi.useFakeTimers())
afterEach(() => vi.restoreAllMocks())

it('advances timers', () => {
  const callback = vi.fn()
  setTimeout(callback, 1000)
  vi.advanceTimersByTime(1000)
  expect(callback).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
})

it('mocks dates', () => {
  const date = new Date('2024-01-01')
  vi.setSystemTime(date)
  expect(Date.now()).toBe(date.getTime())
})

覆盖率

# Generate coverage report
bun test --coverage

# HTML report
bun test --coverage --coverage.reporter=html
open coverage/index.html

# Check against thresholds
bun test --coverage --coverage.thresholds.lines=90

集成测试

import request from 'supertest'
import { app } from './app'

describe('API endpoints', () => {
  it('creates a user', async () => {
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/users')
      .send({ name: 'John' })
      .expect(201)

    expect(response.body).toMatchObject({
      id: expect.any(Number),
      name: 'John',
    })
  })
})

最佳实践

• 每个源文件对应一个测试文件：math.ts → math.test.ts
• 使用 describe() 代码块将相关测试分组
• 使用描述性测试名称
• 只模拟外部依赖
• 对相互独立的异步测试使用 concurrent
• 使用 beforeAll() 共享开销较大的测试夹具
• 目标是达到 80% 以上的覆盖率，但不要一味追求 100%

另请参阅

• test-quality-analysis - 检测测试异味
• playwright-testing - 端到端测试
• mutation-testing - 验证测试有效性